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der reinen Vernunft | translator = ''see below'' | image = Kant-KdrV-1781.pngborder | caption = Title page of the 1781 edition. | author = Immanuel Kant | country = Germany | language = German | subject = Epistemology | genre = Philosophy | published = 1781 | pages = 856 (first German edition)〔(German Wikisource )〕 | isbn= |dewey= |congress= |oclc= | notes = ''Kritik'' in modern German. }} The ''Critique of Pure Reason'' ((ドイツ語:Kritik der reinen Vernunft), KrV, in original: ''Critik der reinen Vernunft'') by Immanuel Kant, first published in 1781, second edition 1787, is one of the most influential works in the history of philosophy. Also referred to as Kant's "first critique," it was followed in 1788 by the ''Critique of Practical Reason'' and in 1790 by the ''Critique of Judgment''. In the preface to the first edition Kant explains what he means by a critique of pure reason: "I do not mean by this a critique of books and systems, but of the faculty of reason in general, in respect of all knowledge after which it may strive ''independently of all experience''." Before Kant, it was generally held that truths of reason must be analytic, meaning that what is stated in the predicate must already be present in the subject (for example, "An intelligent man is intelligent" or "An intelligent man is a man"). In either case, the judgment is analytic because it is ascertained by analyzing the subject. It was thought that all truths of reason, or necessary truths, are of this kind: that in all of them there is a predicate that is only part of the subject of which it is asserted. If this were so, attempting to deny anything that could be known ''a priori'' (for example, "An intelligent man is not intelligent" or "An intelligent man is not a man") would involve a contradiction. It was therefore thought that the law of contradiction is sufficient to establish all a priori knowledge. ==Early rationalism and Kant's rejection of Hume's empiricism== Before Kant, it was generally held that truths of reason must be analytic, meaning that what is stated in the predicate must already be present in the subject (for example, "An intelligent man is intelligent" or "An intelligent man is a man").〔Leibniz, ''New Essays on Human Understanding'', eds. Remnant and Bennett, p.361 ISBN 0-521-57660-1〕 In either case, the judgment is analytic because it is ascertained by analyzing the subject. It was thought that all truths of reason, or necessary truths, are of this kind: that in all of them there is a predicate that is only part of the subject of which it is asserted.〔()〕 If this were so, attempting to deny anything that could be known ''a priori'' (for example, "An intelligent man is not intelligent" or "An intelligent man is not a man") would involve a contradiction. It was therefore thought that the law of contradiction is sufficient to establish all ''a priori'' knowledge. David Hume (1711–1776) at first accepted the general view of rationalism about ''a priori'' knowledge. However, upon closer examination of the subject, Hume discovered that some judgments thought to be analytic, especially those related to cause and effect, were actually synthetic (i.e., no analysis of the subject will reveal the predicate). They thus depend exclusively upon experience and are therefore ''a posteriori''. Before Hume, rationalists had held that effect could be deduced from cause; Hume argued that it could not and from this inferred that nothing at all could be known ''a priori'' in relation to cause and effect. Kant (1724–1804), who was brought up under the auspices of rationalism, was deeply disturbed by Hume's skepticism. "Kant tells us that David Hume awakened him from his dogmatic slumbers." Kant decided to find an answer and spent at least twelve years thinking about the subject. Although the ''Critique of Pure Reason'' was set down in written form in just four to five months, while Kant was also lecturing and teaching, the work is a summation of the development of Kant's philosophy throughout that twelve-year period. Kant's work was stimulated by his decision to take seriously Hume's skeptical conclusions about such basic principles as cause and effect, which had implications for Kant's grounding in rationalism. In Kant's view, Hume's skepticism rested on the premise that all ideas are presentations of sensory experience. The problem that Hume identified was that basic principles such as causality cannot be derived from sense experience only: experience shows only that one event regularly succeeds another, not that it is caused by it. In section VI ("The General Problem of Pure Reason") of the introduction to the ''Critique of Pure Reason'', Kant explains that Hume stopped short of considering that a synthetic judgment could be made 'a priori'. Kant's goal was to find some way to derive cause and effect without relying on empirical knowledge. Kant rejects analytical methods for this, arguing that analytic reasoning cannot tell us anything that is not already self-evident (Bxvii). Instead, Kant argued that it would be necessary to use synthetic reasoning. However, this posed a new problem — how is it possible to have synthetic knowledge that is not based on empirical observation — that is, how are synthetic ''a priori'' truths possible? 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Critique of Pure Reason」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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